Miranda vs Arizona free essay sample

The Fifth Amendment permits an individual the privilege against self-implication. Just as, The Sixth Amendment gives an individual the option to advise on the off chance that they are confronting criminal indictment. During the cross examination, Mr. Miranda admitted to the assault and seizing of the 17-year-elderly person. He at that point continued to sign a composed admission. It was distinctly at the time that he marked his composed admission that he marked a paper that recorded his privileges and the way that he got them. At Miranda’s preliminary, the capturing officials stood up and conceded that they didn't advise him regarding his privileges. It was likewise a law in Arizona around then, that it was standard system to make a presume mindful of their established rights. Miranda’s counsel thusly offered his conviction at the Superior court level and fizzled. So they advanced the conviction at The U. S. Incomparable Court of Appeals. We will compose a custom exposition test on Miranda versus Arizona or then again any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page In Miranda’s bid, Miranda’s counsel was not relieving the way that Miranda had conceded that he seized and assaulted the young lady, however his admission ought not be utilized against him in the criminal preliminary, since he didn't know about his privilege against self-implication, or his entitlement to have counsel. This case was heard before Chief Justice Earl Warren, in which four attorneys’ introduced contentions. The primary lawyer to introduce his contention was Miranda’s lawyer. His contention was that a man with just an eighth grade instruction, ought not be required to know his sacred rights. Just as on the grounds that they didn't advise him regarding this established rights, they denied him of his fair treatment. The subsequent lawyer to give his contention showed that Miranda energetically gave and marked his admission as well as in addition, was given a composed record that expressed his privileges and was addressed in the event that he got them. The third lawyer to convey his contention was from New York. He concurred that Miranda ought to have been educated regarding his entitlement to advice to guarantee his fair treatment. Because of the carelessness on part of the capturing officials, the case ought to be assessed. The last lawyer to introduce his contention demonstrated that it ought not be the activity of the law requirement to tell a presume that he has the option to guide. In the event that he demands for counsel he ought not be denied of it, however it ought not be upon the officials to offer it to him. He likewise expressed that a lawyer ought not be permitted to be engaged with a case until the finish of the cross examination stage. His point of view behind this was a lawyer of a suspect, ought to have the option to shield his customer, and to get his customer out of the charges on the off chance that they were illegitimately charged. Additionally by allowing the lawyer to be available there would be progressively blameworthy individuals not being indicted dependent on details. After democratic, five men who casted a ballot for what are currently alluded to as Miranda Warnings were: Warren, Black, Douglas, Brennan, and Fortas. The four men restricted to Miranda Warnings were Clark, Harlan, Stewart, and White. The five men for this decision accepted that so as to guarantee the Bill of Rights, a speculate should completely appreciate the rights given to him. The Bill of Rights are characterized as â€Å"a segment or addendum in a constitution, characterizing the circumstances wherein a politically sorted out society will allow free, unconstrained, and singular action, and ensuring the legislative forces won't be utilized in certain ways†. (Black’s Law Dictionary, 1999, pg. 160). Additionally According to Black’s Law Dictionary (1999), in the U. S. Constitution, the Bill of Rights are the initial Ten Amendments. As a result of the Miranda v. Arizona case managing, The Miranda Rights, came to fruition. The Miranda Rights express that any suspect in care of law implementation, must be educated regarding their established rights. All the more explicitly, the rights remembered for the Fifth and Sixth Amendments of the Constitution. Just because of this decision, law requirement officials must peruse the speculate their Miranda Rights before cross examination. In the event that this isn't finished, any realities given by a suspect during cross examination can't be utilized in court against that individual. The full Miranda Rights read as â€Å"You reserve the option to stay quiet. Anything you state can and will be utilized against you in court. You reserve the option to converse with a legal counselor for exhortation before we ask you any inquiries, and to have him with you during addressing. On the off chance that you can't bear the cost of a legal counselor, one will be named for you before any scrutinizing on the off chance that you wish. In the event that you choose to address addresses now w/o a legal advisor present, you will reserve the option to quit replying whenever. You additionally reserve the privilege to quit replying whenever and may converse with a legal advisor before choosing to talk once more. Do you wish to talk or not? Do you need a legal counselor? † The Miranda rights were joined into fair treatment after the decision in the Miranda v. Arizona case in 1966. Throughout the entire existence of law, there have been numerous milestone cases that have changed our fair treatment. The Miranda case is undeniably one of the most critical with regards to the privileges of Americans during court procedures. The comprehension of law will change as time proceeds onward, and can be deciphered uniquely in contrast to individual to individual. There will consistently be more milestone cases to come which will always change our laws in this country. References 1. Editorial manager in boss Garner, B. A. , Black’s Law Dictionary, (1999), recovered 4/17/2013 2. Schmallager, F. (2011). Criminal equity today: A basic book for the 21st century (eleventh ed. ) Upper Saddle River, NJ. Pearson/Prentice Hall Retrieved 4/17/2013 3. Milestone Cases of the U. S. Incomparable Court. (n. d. ). Recovered from http://www. streetlaw. organization/en/milestone/cases/miranda_v_arizona

Personal development Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Advancement - Personal Statement Example With a decent GPA scored during the Bachelor’s course and work experience picked up as the showcasing guide, I figured out how to enlist myself at University of New Brunswick. My residency at this University has been one of gigantic learning, and this has contributed towards self-improvement alongside high possibilities in the expert vocation. I went to the college with a receptive outlook without any presumptions and no desires. I might initially want to introduce what I realized through the scholarly courses and afterward proceed onward to different lessons that a MBA course offers. The earth itself has a lot to educate, and getting the hang of during the MBA extends a long ways past the scholarly module. In any case, one must be available to getting the hang of, watching, seeing and engrossing. Advantages through scholastic learning The scholarly course was isolated into three modules and the main module involved bookkeeping, promoting, insights and investigate, and compell ing correspondence. I feared bookkeeping as I had not fared well during the pre-MBA stage. Nonetheless, to beat the dread and to comprehend the bookkeeping idea, I took up the fourteen day quant camp which certainly did a great deal to create enthusiasm for bookkeeping. After that there was no thinking back, and I sought after the subject genuinely, ensuring I tackled issues after each class. This perhaps the greatest accomplishment in this course †I comprehended and defeated the dread of bookkeeping. I am happy I did so in light of the fact that the nuts and bolts of bookkeeping are fundamental to maintain your own business. Promoting had been my space and enthusiasm before I began this course. This course was extremely intriguing and simultaneously it helped me create proficient abilities on the best way to really showcase items or administrations. The course extended into showcasing for benefit and non-benefit associations. What I explicitly delighted in was the investigatio n that give understanding into showcasing endeavors and help the advertisers further revise their procedure. Insights and research, while basic for business, was somewhat hard for me. I get it is sufficient to comprehend its worth and the fundamentals, with the goal that we can remove data when vital. Not every person can be a specialist in each field, so I chose not to burn through an excessive amount of effort in a subject which I would not be quick to seek after later as a vocation. Be that as it may, I learned to utilize exceed expectations, which is significant in investigation. Examination help in showcasing choices and insights help to settle on the intended interest group. As an advertiser, correspondence has consistently been my quality yet this course shown me the better strategies in correspondence. Business correspondence gets fundamental for each expert, both in oral and composed configuration. Correspondence is additionally basic in managing partners and subordinates. Therefore, despite the fact that many may think about this as a characteristic or natural ability, I feel the course provides a rule on correspondence at various levels. The subsequent module was much all the more fascinating as it showed us how to apply the hypotheses and specialized information in business. The board abilities advancement is a fundamental attribute since one needs to build up the capabilities to oversee and lead an association. This course additionally showed us the contrast between an administrator and a pioneer. I never knew the contrast between the two, preceding the course. The diverse authority characteristics and capabilities fundamental in various conditions was a fascinating learning. Another significant learning for me

SWOT Analysis of Chile: Business and economic trends

SWOT Analysis of Chile: Business and monetary patterns Nation Profile †Chile 2014 2014 LATIN AMERICAN BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT REPORT Presentation In 2014 the business condition in Latin America didn't satisfy hopes, and appears that it won't convey noteworthy outcomes for 2014.Growth rate dropped once more, down in 13 of the 18 nations shrouded in the LABER examination. Lower ware costs and monetary market unpredictability in Latin America Governments battled to adapt to developing financial awkward nature and rising social discontent. The 14 nations clinging to the anti-extremist social-advertise worldview, regardless of these weights, didn't veer off from its more business-accommodating approaches. Should the financial droop develop in 2014, it was not outlandish to anticipate that pressures for change should extend. Nation Profile â€Chile Political Factors: SWOT Analysis of Chile: Qualities Chile encounters open economy and the respective, local and multilateral exchange understandings prompted an expansion in remote exchange Global seriousness has confronted an expanded development rate because of the exchange understandings Chile offers remote speculators a portion of the world’s most serious business costs Privatization and deregulation have made open utility and media communications ventures Corporate assessments and work costs are moderately low No proof of dynamic psychological warfare in Chile Event of genuine offenses remains generally low, regardless of reports of expanded wrongdoing levels Chile capital, Santiago is viewed as perhaps the most secure nation in Latin America Appreciates a stable majority rule political framework, with solid organizations Complete lawful system and autonomous legal executive Shortcomings Binomial constituent framework is ready for change Chile is defenseless against outside stuns due to overdependence on essential fare businesses Gracefully deficiencies and potential force stoppages because of substantial reliance on imported wellsprings of vitality Changes of Chile’s foundations and work showcase stay far-fetched. Nonappearance of change intensify basic lopsided characteristics in the economy Nonappearance delays financial development Openings Remote financial specialists are upheld by the Government through three speculation systems The components offer the privileges of both the state and the financial specialist all through the execution of venture Huge open doors for inbound interest in territories of intensity age and transportation, just as copper creation Since 1990, Chile has delighted in a continuous time of stable majority rule government Casting a ballot is necessary for all voters more seasoned than 18. Government took significant measures to build effectiveness of open organization by 2003 and guaranteeing a straightforward government Congress additionally affirmed a law to direct the financing of ideological groups and political races Dangers Developing open fights among the more unfortunate segments of society Significant levels of salary disparity and discontent with the expense of instruction Debilitating government’s prominence Chile’s significant ports and modern mines endure developing work agitation Business condition in the nation: BMI Business Environment Risk Ratings Chile positions 28th out of 191 nations in business condition rankings and scoring around 64.0. This makes Chile the outperformer of the neighboring nations by some separation and spots it higher than a few created mechanical economies. As far as ‘market orientation’, it positions well in front of many created states including the US and the UK. In any case, foundations for concern remain. The nation has a sizeable foundation deficiency, reflected in our moderately frail score for Chile’s business framework, a classification where Chile positions simply 55th all around. Chile is an open economy and practices two-sided, provincial and multilateral exchange understandings. This has prompted a consistent increment in outside exchange and the country’s global intensity. Chile offers remote financial specialists a portion of the world’s most serious business costs. Privatization and deregulation have made modern media communications, social insurance and open utility businesses. Chile simultaneously has kept up a reasonably low corporate duties and work costs. Natural variables: Chile is a profoundly Election ruled condition. It has the accompanying highlights with respect to the earth: Strong financial execution All through the area of Latin America development mollified, however the drop was not steep in Chile and the viewpoint was empowering with normal yearly development rates for the period 2004-12. The reasons for more slow financial development were lower trade income, more fragile speculation and more slow development in the household request. The neighborhood financial exchange has downsized by 15% in dollar terms for the year, making it the most exceedingly terrible performing of the significant trades. This fall in the trade rates made the financial situation very troublesome for the outside speculation. The deteriorating peso was represented the significant fall in the monetary exhibition. (upto 521 to the dollar) Fares mollified however FDI flooded Chile is the world’s biggest makers of copper. Being in its greatest stature of creation, the decrease in world copper costs influenced Chile’s advertise contrarily. Copper represents 60% of fares and 20% of GDP. Chile kept its from noticing copper because of the drawn out need to expand the economy and such substantial reliance on a solitary item. As the Chinese economy loose, copper costs tumbled somewhere around 12% in November influencing Chile’s exchange and fares, bringing about a fall in 2012. The CAD (current record shortfall) and obligation expanded because of the fares droop. Chile has ideal access to security markets and remote financial specialists because of its best overseen economy and the most elevated FICO assessment in Latin America, and thus its condition stays very speculator neighborly. Bringing about a Net FDI significantly increased in 2012. Open fights broke out once more Chile was perceived as a world head in the execution of the market changes that was answerable for the age of development and rising ways of life. Chile has demonstrated joblessness rate that tumbled to a recorded low of 5.7% in October. In spite of the development, Chile was the principal nation to confront rising resident discontent as the road showings, which are currently basic all through Latin America. Chile experienced without precedent for 2013 understudies, associations and Mapuche Indians all led problematic exhibits. Political race returned focus left alliance to control True to form, previous President Michelle Bachelet effortlessly crushed Alianza por Chile, the up-and-comer of the overseeing gathering, and her New Majority alliance won a dominant part in Congress. In numerous regards, the result was baffling for Bachelet and her supporters. The frustrating actuality was the low turnout , with casting a ballot was not, at this point compulsory, particularly among first-time voters who were required to convey a simple first-round triumph. National Bank brought loan costs down to animate development So as to animate the development even with frail residential interest, the Central Bank cut loan costs. This will additionally improve the development of the economy and profitability. National systems and open arrangements: Chile follows the systems to raise charges, change training and giving free educational cost to college understudies. These changes were for the most part focused in decreasing imbalance, in this manner lessening the fights. Keys: Progress on change motivation; cost of copper Industry structure and serious elements as far as Infrastructure Labor: Foundation: Chile has a very much evolved and proficient foundation arrange, which adds to the administrations trade driven improvement technique. Since the appropriation of fabricate work move concessions the countrys physical framework has improved generously. In spite of the fact that impressive harm was done to the current countrys framework arrange by the overwhelming 2010 quake, the progressing focal point of government consideration guarantee the remaking of Chiles foundation. The Pan-American Highway is viewed as high worldwide principles and spine of Chiles street framework. Chile additionally has world-class air terminal and seaport framework. Chile is attempting to build up a system of transport passages over the district, utilizing rail and street foundation. This will elevate the Chiles fares to Argentina and Brazil, and furthermore encourage the utilization of Chilean ports for fares to Asia. Vitality: Vitality gracefully in Chile is viewed as the Achilles heel. With its constrained residential vitality flexibly, the nation intensely depends on the greater part of its vitality assets on Imports. It needs to keep up sound relations with its neighbors to understand the important vitality flexibly. The dependence on vitality imports, especially on petroleum gas from Argentina (where 80% of gas imports begin), is a developing issue. The Chilean government has organized tending to the power issue. Licensed innovation Rights In the International Property Rights Index of 2013, Chile comes in 28th spot out of 130 nations. This spots Chile the most elevated positioned of every developing business sector. Chile endorsed enactment to carry the nation into consistence with the Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) signatory commitments .according to the TRIPS signatory, Chile must fulfill the concurred guidelines relating to copyrights, including maker rights, mechanical plans, licenses and trademarks. The region wherein Chile was most investigated is IPR in pharmaceutical items. This is because of the way that Chile comes up short on a straightforward framework for securing pharmaceutical licenses. In 2005, the MOP set up a framework in ensuring information identified with pharmaceutical items. Business-government relations: Chile is situated with a stable political standpoint and sound financial fundament

Functional Area Of An Organisation Information Technology Essay

Useful Area Of An Organization Information Technology Essay There are an assortment of useful territories in an organized business venture, contingent on its size and nature of administration. Here in the Medication the board System can be seen in a more extensive way as emergency clinic isn't the just a single element. The producer, sellers, accepting staff, endorsing specialists, drug specialists, medical caretakers and the customers are completely included and hence a coordinated framework is to be eventually evolved which benefits all clients of the framework at various levels. The data framework means the product, yet additionally the equipment, clients and other related frameworks. So our goal is to recognize all the practical zones of the association overall and to build up a savvy and proficient framework which would limit the human medication administering mistakes and diminish the death rate thus. For this we have to have an unmistakable comprehension about the various frameworks at various levels like producer, merchant and clinic. Data needs inside practical region of an association. Associations have various individuals cooperating towards an unmistakable target, in spite of the fact that they work in various utilitarian regions. One yield of one practical territory can be the contribution of another zone and the precise convenient data is important to get a mistake free outcome. Associations totally rely upon the data frameworks and cutting edge innovations which causes them to exceed expectations and effective. Practical regions of associations are characterized by the sort and nature of work that is engaged with a division. The fundamental practical zones of every single association are recorded underneath: Human Resource: Human asset the executives is one of the most significant yet regularly belittled angles in the hierarchical activity. It fundamentally is the working arrangement of the entire association that ensures that it run easily, coordination and participation happens consistently lastly ensures that everybody inside the association is happy with the working conditions. Cursorily, it should do everyday undertakings like enrollment, preparing finance handling and so forth yet really the degree for HRM is considerably more than that. Particularly in the exceptionally serious markets of today, they can assume an essential job in building a profoundly performing and serious firm by sustaining and upgrading the abilities of the workers and guaranteeing collaboration. This is a useful zone where different staff who oversee and handle the medication are met and chosen. Monetary Area: This practical region investigations different money related parts of the workers and monitors the records receivable and payables. The monetary counselors must arrangement ahead of time in regards to the future money related destinations of the organization. So as to accomplish the longing benefits. The money office need to keep up the monetary records so as to show these records while settling the duty. Furthermore, another key capacity of money division is to figure the compensation and finance framework which is the primary capacity of account office. Records are kept up for various sellers for which inward inspectors and bookkeepers are utilized. Advertising and Sales: In this serious world the association can't make due without showcasing the items. Association is putting an immense measure of cash so as to showcase the items through various stations like TV, radio and different medias. With the goal that individuals came to think about the items and will purchase the companys items. These days the opposition is truly elevated; the organizations are compelled to give limits and other special exercises like occasions and endowments to push their deals. To close with, promoting is likewise a key part in accomplishing companys destinations. Creation: Production is one of the fundamental practical regions of a business association. All the results of a business association are creating under this practical zone. The staffs under this utilitarian zone ought to enquire all the items ought to create at the perfect time and the items have great quality. The association should purchase great quality crude materials. These crude materials will be put away close to creation region. These days the vast majority of the creations are consequently with the assistance of robots and different machines. The administrator need to check just the creation line is right or not. Creation is additionally includes getting ready things for despatch. The things should stuffed neatly and appealingly. In this stage, the scanner tag framework can be consolidated which ought to determine its cluster number, item code/name, pressing, part number, date of production, synthetic blend, sort of prescriptions, course of organization, dosage.etc Client support: Customer administration is the one of the most significant utilitarian region of association. This incorporates capacities like noting the customers enquiries about the item and administrations, give well data about the clients need, taking care of customers issues, Provide administration after deals which incorporate supplant, fix and so on, managing the issues of client, examination the issues of client and store these issues and so on. Correlation between the practical zones and data required for each useful region Utilitarian Area Capacities and data required for utilitarian territories Human Resource The principle elements of this useful territory are enlistment, preparing, finance and so on. The data required for this practical region are the data about the workers, their pay, about new opportunities, about new applications, representatives in finance, participation, nonattendance and extra time detailsetc. . Money related Area The principle elements of Financial territory are ascertain the compensation of workers, checking payrolls, recording cash got, produce solicitations, checking the installments got and pursuing the past due installments and so on. In this practical region ought to have the data about pay of organization, cost of the organization, compensation of every single staff,times sheet of work, participation and extra time detailsetc. They additionally need to have the clients charges subtleties, installment got and charges payable subtleties to the sellers. Advertising and Sales The primary elements of this utilitarian zone are Market the items through various stations like radio, mail TV, creating exposure materials of their items, for example, indexes and so forth., structuring and advancing the site of organization. This practical zone ought to have the data about new pattern of market, how the organization can get most extreme item, which is the acceptable method to distribute their item in showcase, how the organization can improve their deals and so forth. Creation The principle elements of this useful territory are purchasing crude materials, putting away the crude materials, arranging the creation plan, Checking nature of item all through the creation, pressing the things neatly and wonderfully, putting away the things securely. The data required for this utilitarian zone are rundown of accessible crude materials, Combination recipe, Machinery and labor accessibility, Quantity of every item to be fabricated which thusly is accounted for by the criticism from deals and promoting territory, item subtleties like bunch number, packingetc. Client support The principle elements of this useful are noting customers enquiries about items, tackle customers issues, managing the issues of client, examination the issues of client and store these issues and so on. This utilitarian region ought to have the data about what scope of client they have, the clients are happy with their item or not, what are the clients requirement for a specific item and so on. Data required for clinical administration framework The clinical administration framework is a mind boggling framework including the maker, emergency clinic, and the head of prescriptions. In this way, an all around characterized information stream must be plainly recognized. Recognizable proof of fitting information that is engaged with every framework is a key factor for the achievement of this framework. A few information are required for the correct working of the framework. As a matter of first importance, the insights regarding coming up next are completely fundamental. 1) Prescription subtleties 2) Product subtleties 3) Patient subtleties 4) Administering people subtleties. 5) The clinical staff 6) The sellers of medication Data SYSTEMS Various sorts of Information Systems A data framework is a mix of equipment, programming systems used to create data which is utilized to regulate and control the everyday exercises of clients in an association. It comprises of five classes. An) Office Information Systems (OIS) B) Transaction Processing System (TPS) C) Management Information System (MIS) D) Decision emotionally supportive network (DSS) E) Expert System (ES) Office Information System (OIS) It is a sort of data framework that relies upon equipment, programming and systems to give correspondence arrangements and working effectiveness among a staffs in an association. Office Information System is otherwise called Office Automation. In this sort of a situation the information preparing is done electronically rather than physically hard duplicating it. For instance In an association with a few branches if another line is discharged it tends to be refreshed through the OIS over the system. In the event that they dont use OIS they would need to physically process it and post it to its branches. Exchange Processing System (TPS) TPS is a type of data framework that records and procedures exchange done in an association on every day. An exchange can be a request, an installment, reservation or a wiping out. TPS for the most part utilizes two sort of exchange preparing. a) Batch Processing b) Online Transaction Processing In a bunch handling all the exchanges are gathered during the day and its prepared as a gathering or a group toward the day's end. In online Transaction Processing the exchange is handled when it is gone into the framework. In cluster star

Save a tree

Save a tree… eat a Beaver. Speaking of beavers killing treeslets talk about how many pages of paperwork the MIT Athletics Department (DAPER) is forcing upon me. As a new MIT athlete, the first thing I had to do was print the Eligibility Checklist, which has been tremendously useful. It lists all of the forms that need to be filled out, along with their deadlines and the addresses they need to be mailed to. First there was the Medical Report and the Supplemental Medical History for Varsity Athletes (both of which were submitted to MITMedical). Then I had to fill out the Practice Form, which was sent to the athletics department and was 10 pages long! These were all due August 1st (yesterday, for those of you who are chronologically challenged now that summers here) and the Medical Report was required for all incoming freshmen, so I hope everyone met the deadline! Personally, I mailed all medical forms and the first 9 pages of the practice form in plenty of time, thank you very much. (The tenth page was discovered this morning in my scanner. I never took it out after making copies. See what happens when you follow directions?! I mailed it out today with a little apology note attached and crossed my fingers that it wont get lost and create a big, messy, administrative problem.) Now I just need to fill out the one page Sports Information Sheet and the 10 page NCAA Division III Form and brin g them with me to my first meeting with my team. Oh, but before signing the NCAA form, I need to read the Summary of NCAA Regulations- Division III, which is thankfully only 11 pages long. Im tired just thinking about this. Moving on to.FEE results! The FEE stands for the Freshman Essay Evaluation, and all incoming frosh are required to take it. You sign up on-line, access the required readings on-line, and submit your essays by email. A few weeks later, the results are posted. These results analyze your English ability and determine which classes you are able to take as a freshman. I took the test in June, because the results were available before the deadline for the HASS-D lottery. The upshot of this is that you can make more informed choices in the lottery, because youll know what restrictions will apply to you next year. I read my results (which were very helpful and specificthey totally called me on the fact that my essays had no structure at all, so props for that) and confidently submitted my preferences for the lottery. Once I did this, I of course promptly became very, very confused about my results and panicked about the possibility that I had messed up the lottery. [Editors note in 2017: some of the requirements described below have been updated since this was first published. Please refer to the current description of MITs communications requirement.] Heres what happened: my results said that I may take any CI-H or CI-HW subject during your first year at MIT, which was fine with me, because I had no idea what the difference was between CI-H and CI-HW. Still dont, in fact. So I just filled out the lottery based on the subjects I was interested in and didnt take CI-designation into account at all. Then I realized that some of my choices (including my first choice) werent Communication Intensive at all. I was nervous that I messed up (maybe I was required to take a CI class?) until I realized that the course catalog we received was made especially for freshmen- so if all freshmen were required to take a CI class first semester, why would non-CI classes be included in the booklet? Exactly. So, assuming youve followed me so far, heres what Ive figured out. Youre required to take 4 CI classes before you graduate. This translates to roughly one per year. So if I take a regular HASS-D first semester, I can still take a CI class second semester. (You are required to take one CI class your freshman year, and CommReq agrees with me. Yes! I feel like Ive finally figured something out!) Apparently, Ill be ineligible for sophomore standing for the spring semester, buthey, I have no idea what Im doing anyway. Thats why they give me an advisor and let you add and drop classes later in the term and all that Next big date: August 15th, when advising folders will be available on-line. (These will include such goodies as your freshman advisor and seminar, AP scores, results of requests for transfer credit, FEE results, Math Diagnostic results, and HASS-D lottery results.) Fun stuff. I apologize for the dryness of this entry, promise to write things that are more entertaining once I start packing and getting properly excited about college, and certify that I am absolutely uncertain of any and all of the information listed above. One last thought- I finally made a proper banner and set up my blog just the way I like it. Ahhh, satisfaction. Thoughts? Please let me know if its completely illegible. I have a tendency to really screw things up that way (just ask Ben). Please dont tell me if you think its really ugly, unless youre sure its ugly only by accident, because that would make me sad. OK thanks. Have a nice day. =)

Misconduct at School - Free Essay Example

I was saved from sin when I was going thirteen. But not really saved. It happened like this. When I was at secondary school I used to steal other students property and money. It took me two years from the date I got into the secondary school  Ã‚   up to form two practicing the vice of stealing. One day I managed to break into my friends iron box where I stole his uniform and some money. My fellow student went to report to the teacher where an investigation was done.   I had placed the uniform in my iron box after stealing from my fellow student. When the investigation was done, the uniform was found in my iron box and teacher called me into the office. What went on in the office was painful. I was punished and the money and uniform I stole taken. On top of punishment I was suspended from school for two weeks. At home my parents punished me thoroughly and showed me the good virtues that I should embrace when interacting with other students. I returned to school with my mother after two weeks of suspension. After meeting with principal we discussed the issue with my mum. It came to my mother’s awareness that my performance at class was becoming poor because of misbehavior that I had. The principal with my mother advised and shown me advantages of having good morals at school and in life at large. The incidence rescued me from sinful activities of stealing and I started to respect other people’s property. Since then I developed good moral standards that helped me to be a successful person in the society today.

The Holocaust A Secret Plan - 1445 Words

â€Å"Conspiracy: a secret plan by a group to do something unlawful or harmful† (Dictionary). This word is used for labeling a rare and commonly vial situation. The Holocaust, a term referred to the explanation of the alleged massacre of six million Jewish people, is often labeled as a conspiracy. Those who tag the 1900’s Holocaust as a hoax are frequently known as ‘Holocaust Deniers. Debating Holocaust denial includes arguments such as holocaust documented facts, practice of things such as gas chambers, falsely proclaimed amount of Jews essentially murdered, and illegalization of holocaust denial. The holocaust took place in Germany when Adolf Hitler, son of Klara and Alois Hitler, took his place as dictator over the country. Adolf had been the leader of the Nazi party from June 29, 1921 through his death date of August 30, 1945. He took his stand as Fuhrer of Germany on August 2nd, 1934. Fuhrer, meaning leader or guide, was a name adopted specifically to Adolf f or himself by himself. The Holocaust was the assassination of six million Jews. Adolf was regularly referred to as a â€Å"mad man† but did he truly possess a mental illness? No, Hitler’s only true diagnoses was â€Å"Diagnoses of a Destructive Prophet† (Oxford). Adolf led the Nazi party to killing these innocent people because the Jews were blamed for losing the Second World War. By doing this, Hitler fashioned his enemy. In the Jewish religion, a term used to describe the mass killings was ‘scapegoat’. This meant a personShow MoreRelatedThe Holocaust and The Final Solution Plan Essay622 Words   |  3 PagesThe Holocaust, it’s such a horrific topic. Why do we study this? The answer I will give at the end of this essay, although, there are many ways people look at the holocaust, different opinions that people have, different understandings. This is my understanding. Holocaust. (The Greek word meaning Whole (Holo), and burnt (Caust). The name although sad, is quite an appropriate name for this event in history, because the Jewish people’s spirt, was almost entirely â€Å"Burnt†. Hitler’s rise to power beganRead MoreHolocaust: A Result of Racism764 Words   |  3 PagesHolocaust: A Result of Racism The Holocaust is a part of history that always brings sadness to many and unanswered questions. The word â€Å"holocaust† is from Greek origin and it means â€Å"sacrifice by fire.† The Holocaust was the persecution and murder of about six million Jews including around 1.5 million Jewish children by the Nazi regime between the years 1933 – 1945. Racism played a vital role and was the main reason for the slaughtering of millions of Jews during this time in history. Jews were notRead MoreNazi s Persecution Of The Handicapped Essay1404 Words   |  6 Pages Nazi’s Persecution of the Handicapped Frank Cai History November 8th Holocaust is considered one of the worst man-caused disaster ever in the history of human life. Hundreds of millions of people died during the Holocaust. Even worse, the victim of the Holocaust is based on race. Why did Adolf Hitler pick on the Jews? Because when he wants to rise power, one of the most common ways is propaganda. He said that Jews are the ones that ruined their country. Many Jews were killed; they were alsoRead MoreThe Holocaust : A Large Scale, State Sponsored, Systematic Murder Of Innocent Jews1327 Words   |  6 Pagesintroduce the Holocaust, I want to provide a brief overview of the event. The Holocaust was a large scale, state-sponsored, systematic murder of innocent Jews across Europe carried out by the German military and authorities. Germans believed that their race was superior to the Jewish race. 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How Did Jackie Robinson Make History

On April 15, 1947, Jackie Robinson made history when he stepped onto the Brooklyn Dodgers Ebbets Field as the first African American to play in a Major League Baseball game. The controversial decision to put a black man on a major league team prompted a barrage of criticism and initially led to Robinsons mistreatment by fans and fellow players alike. Robinson endured that discrimination and rose above it, going on to win Rookie of the Year in 1947 as well as the National League MVP Award in 1949. Hailed as a civil rights pioneer, Robinson was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom. Robinson was also the first African-American inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame. Dates: January 31, 1919 - October 24, 1972 Also Known As: Jack Roosevelt Robinson Childhood in Georgia Jackie Robinson was the fifth child born to sharecropper parents Jerry Robinson and Mallie McGriff Robinson in Cairo, Georgia. His ancestors had worked as slaves on the same property that Jackies parents farmed. Jerry left the family to look for work in Texas when Jackie was six months old with the promise that he would send for his family once he was settled... but Jerry Robinson never returned. In 1921, Mallie received word that Jerry had died, but could never substantiate that rumor. After struggling to keep the farm going by herself, Mallie realized it was impossible. She needed to find another way to support her family, but also felt it was no longer safe to stay in Georgia. Violent racial riots and lynchings of black people were on the rise in the summer of 1919, especially in the southeastern states. Seeking a more tolerant environment, Mallie and several of her relatives pooled their money together to buy train tickets. In May 1920, when Jackie was 16 months old, they all boarded a train for Los Angeles. The Robinsons Move to California Mallie and her children moved into an apartment in Pasadena, California with her brother and his family. She found work cleaning houses and eventually earned enough money to buy her house in a mostly-white neighborhood. The Robinsons soon learned that discrimination did not limit itself to the South. Neighbors shouted racial insults at the family and circulated a petition demanding that they leave. More alarming still, the Robinsons looked out one day and saw a cross burning in their yard. Mallie stood firm, refusing to leave the house she had worked so hard to earn. With their mother away at work all day, the Robinson children learned to take care of themselves from an early age. Jackies sister Willa Mae, three years older, fed him, bathed him, and took him to school with her. Three-year-old Jackie played in the school sandbox for most of the day while his sister peered out the window at intervals to check on him. Taking pity on the family, school authorities reluctantly allowed this unorthodox arrangement to continue until Jackie was old enough to enroll in school at the age of five. Young Jackie Robinson managed to get himself into trouble on more than one occasion as a member of the Pepper Street Gang. This neighborhood clique, made up of poor boys from minority groups, committed petty crimes and minor acts of vandalism. Robinson later credited a local minister with helping to get him off the streets and involved in more wholesome activities. A Gifted Athlete As early as first grade, Jackie became known for his athletic skills, with classmates even paying him with snacks and pocket change to play on their teams. Jackie welcomed the extra food, as the Robinsons never seemed to have quite enough to eat. He dutifully gave the money to his mother. His athleticism became even more evident when Jackie reached middle school. A natural athlete, Jackie Robinson excelled at whatever sport he took up including football, basketball, baseball, and track, later earning letters in all four sports while in high school. Jackies siblings helped instill in him a fierce sense of competition. Brother Frank gave Jackie a lot of encouragement and attended all of his sporting events. Willa Mae, also a talented athlete, excelled in the few sports that were available to girls in the 1930s. Mack, the third eldest, was a great inspiration to Jackie. A world-class sprinter, Mack Robinson competed in the Berlin Olympics in 1936 and came home with a silver medal in the 200-meter dash. (He had come in a close second to sports legend and teammate Jesse Owens.) College Achievements Upon graduation from high school in 1937, Jackie Robinson was sorely disappointed that he hadnt received a college scholarship despite his astounding athletic ability. He enrolled at Pasadena Junior College where he distinguished himself not only as star quarterback but also as a high scorer in basketball and a record-breaking long-jumper. Boasting a batting average of .417, Robinson was named Southern Californias Most Valuable Junior College Player in 1938. Several universities finally took notice of Jackie Robinson, now willing to offer him a full scholarship for completing his last two years of college. Robinson decided upon the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) mainly because he wanted to stay near his family. Unfortunately, the Robinson family suffered a devastating loss in May 1939 when Frank Robinson died from injuries sustained in a motorcycle accident. Jackie Robinson was crushed by the loss of his big brother and his greatest fan. To cope with his grief, he poured all of his energy into doing well at school. Robinson was as successful at UCLA as he had been in junior college. He was the first UCLA student to earn letters in all four sports that he played —football, basketball, baseball, and track and field—a feat he accomplished after only one year. At the beginning of his second year, Robinson met Rachel Isum who soon became his girlfriend. Still, Robinson was not satisfied with college life. He worried that despite getting a college education, he would have few opportunities to advance himself in a profession since he was black. Even with his tremendous athletic talent, Robinson also saw little chance for a career as a professional athlete because of his race. In March 1941, only months before he was to graduate, Robinson dropped out of UCLA. Concerned about his familys financial welfare, Robinson found a temporary job as an assistant athletic director at a camp in Atascadero, California. He later had a brief stint playing on an integrated football team in Honolulu, Hawaii. Robinson returned home from Hawaii just two days before the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. Facing Racism in the Army Drafted into the U.S. Army in 1942, Robinson was sent to Fort Riley, Kansas, where he applied to Officers Candidate School (OCS). Neither he nor any of his fellow black soldiers were allowed into the program. With the help of world heavyweight champion boxer Joe Louis, also stationed at Fort Riley, Robinson petitioned for and won the right to attend OCS. Louis fame and popularity no doubt helped the cause. Robinson was commissioned a second lieutenant in 1943. Known for his talent on the baseball field, Robinson was approached to play on Fort Rileys baseball team. The team policy was to accommodate any of the other teams who refused to play with a black player on the field. Robinson would have beeen expected to sit those games out. Unwilling to accept that condition, Robinson refused to play even one game. Robinson was transferred to Fort Hood, Texas, where he faced more discrimination. Riding on an Army bus one evening, he was ordered to go to the back of the bus. Fully aware that the Army had recently outlawed segregation on any of its vehicles, Robinson refused. He was arrested and tried in a military court of law for insubordination, among other charges. The Army dropped its charges when no evidence could be found of any wrongdoing. Robinson was granted an honorable discharge in 1944. Back in California, Robinson became engaged to Rachel Isum, who agreed to marry him once she completed nursing school. Playing in the Negro Leagues In 1945, Robinson was hired as a shortstop for the Kansas City Monarchs, a baseball team in the Negro Leagues. Playing major league professional baseball was not an option for black people at that time, although it hadnt always been that way. Blacks and whites had played together in the early days of baseball in the mid-nineteenth century until Jim Crow laws, which required segregation, were passed in the late 1800s. The Negro Leagues came into being in the early 20th century to accommodate the many talented black players who were shut out of Major League Baseball. The Monarchs had a hectic schedule, sometimes traveling hundreds of miles by bus in a day. Racism followed the men wherever they went, as players were turned away from hotels, restaurants, and rest rooms simply because they were black. At one service station, the owner refused to let the men use the rest room when they stopped to get gas. A furious Jackie Robinson told the proprietor they would not buy his gas if he didnt allow them to use the rest room, persuading the man to change his mind. Following that incident, the team would not buy gas from anyone who refused to let them use the facilities. Robinson had a successful year with the Monarchs, leading the team in batting and earning a spot in the Negro Leagues all-star game. Intent upon playing his best game, Robinson was unaware that he was closely watched by baseball scouts from the Brooklyn Dodgers. Branch Rickey and the Great Experiment Dodgers president Branch Rickey, determined to break the color barrier in Major League Baseball, was looking for the ideal candidate to prove that blacks had a place in the majors. Rickey saw Robinson as that man, for Robinson was talented, educated, never drank alcohol, and had played alongside white people in college. Rickey was relieved to hear that Robinson had Rachel in his life; he cautioned the ballplayer that he would need her support to get through the upcoming ordeal. Meeting with Robinson in August 1945, Rickey prepared the player for the kind of abuse he would face as the lone black man in the league. He would be subjected to verbal insults, unfair calls by umpires, pitches intentionally thrown to hit him, and more. Off the field as well, Robinson could expect hate mail and death threats. Rickey posed the question: could Robinson deal with such adversity without retaliating, even verbally, for three solid years? Robinson, who had always stood up for his rights, found it difficult to imagine not responding to such abuse, but he realized how important it was to advancing the cause of civil rights. He agreed to do it. Like most new players in the major leagues, Robinson started out on a minor league team. As the first black player in the minors, he signed with the Dodgers top farm team, the Montreal Royals, in October 1945. Before the start of spring training, Jackie Robinson and Rachel Isum were married in February 1946 and headed to Florida for training camp two weeks after their wedding. Enduring vicious verbal abuse at games—from those in the stands and the dugout—Robinson nonetheless proved himself especially skilled at hitting and at stealing bases and helped lead his team to victory at the Minor League Championship Series in 1946. Jackie Robinson ended the season as Most Valuable Player (MVP) in the International League. Topping off Robinsons stellar year, Rachel gave birth to Jack Robinson Jr. on November 18, 1946. Robinson Makes History On April 9, 1947, five days before the start of baseball season, Branch Rickey made the announcement that 28-year-old Jackie Robinson would play for the Brooklyn Dodgers. The announcement came on the heels of a difficult spring training. Several of Robinsons new teammates had banded together and signed a petition insisting that they would rather be traded off the team than play with a black man. Dodgers manager Leo Durocher chastised the men, pointing out that a player as good as Robinson could very well lead the team to the World Series. Robinson started out as first baseman; later he moved to second base, a position he held for the rest of his career. Fellow players were slow to accept Robinson as a member of their team. Some were openly hostile while others refused to speak to him or even sit near him. It didnt help that Robinson began his season in a slump, unable to make a hit in the first five games. His teammates finally rallied to Robinsons defense after witnessing several incidents in which opponents verbally and physically assaulted Robinson. One player from the St. Louis Cardinals intentionally spiked Robinsons thigh so badly that he left a large gash, prompting outrage from Robinsons teammates. In another instance, players on the Philadelphia Phillies, knowing that Robinson had received death threats, held their bats up as if they were guns and pointed them at him. As unsettling as these incidents were, they served to unify the Dodgers as a cohesive team. Robinson overcame his slump and the Dodgers went on to win the National League pennant. They lost the World Series to the Yankees, but Robinson performed well enough to be named Rookie of the Year. A Career With the Dodgers By the start of the 1949 season, Robinson was no longer obligated to keep his opinions to himself—he was free to express himself, just as the other players were. Robinson now responded to the taunts of opponents, which initially shocked a public who had seen him as quiet and docile. Nonetheless, Robinsons popularity grew as did his annual salary, which, at $35,000 a year, was more than any of his teammates were paid. Rachel and Jackie Robinson moved to a house in Flatbush, Brooklyn, where several neighbors in this mostly-white neighborhood were thrilled to be living near a baseball star. The Robinsons welcomed daughter Sharon into the family in January 1950 and son David was born in 1952. The family later bought a house in Stamford, Connecticut. Robinson used his prominent position to promote racial equality. When the Dodgers went on the road, hotels in many cities refused to allow black players to stay in the same hotel as their white teammates. Robinson threatened that none of the players would stay at the hotel if all of them were not welcome, a tactic that often worked. In 1955, the Dodgers once again faced the Yankees in the World Series. They had lost to them many times, but this year would be different. Thanks in part to Robinsons brazen base-stealing, the Dodgers won the World Series. During the 1956 season, Robinson, now 37 years old, spent more time on the bench than on the field. When the announcement came that the Dodgers would be moving to Los Angeles in 1957, it came as no surprise that Jackie Robinson had decided it was time to retire. In the nine years since he had played his first game for the Dodgers, several more teams had signed on black players; by 1959, all of the Major League Baseball teams were integrated. Life After Baseball Robinson stayed busy after his retirement, accepting a position in community relations for the Chock Full O Nuts company. He became a successful fundraiser for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). Robinson also helped to raise money to found the Freedom National Bank, a bank that primarily served minority populations, extending loans to people who might not otherwise have received them. In July 1962, Robinson became the first African-American to be inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame. He thanked those who had helped him earn that achievement—his mother, his wife, and Branch Rickey. Robinsons son, Jackie Jr., was deeply traumatized after fighting in Vietnam and became a drug addict upon his return to the United States. He successfully fought his addiction, but was tragically killed in a car accident in 1971. The loss took a toll on Robinson, who was already battling the effects of diabetes and appeared much older than a man in his fifties. On October 24, 1972, Jackie Robinson died of a heart attack at the age of 53. He was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom posthumously in 1986 by President Reagan. Robinsons jersey number, 42, was retired by both the National League and the American League in 1997, the 50th anniversary of Robinsons historic major league debut.

Comparison of Poems to Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck

Poems which can be compared to the novella ‘Of Mice and Men’ is ‘The Farmers Bride’ written by Charlotte Mew. This once again explores the relationship between husband and wife without an element of honest affection towards each other leading to failed marriages. The poem begins ‘Three summers since I chose a maid’. Like Curleys wife the farmer’s bride also has no distinct identity and is merely a possession. This emphasizes the meagre status of a woman in a male dominated society. The way the poem is put is presented one could possibly suggest the farmer ‘chose’ a bride in a state of compulsion. This does resemble the scenario of Curley and his wife presented by Steinbeck in ‘Of Mice and men’ to a certain extent. The only difference is that Curley’s wife consented for marriage due to possible obstinacy as she always dreamed to be an actress but when that didn’t work she married Curley with a slight hope of things working out later. Despite being bonded together there is an element of separation and echoes of loneliness. Both Curley’s wife and the farmer’s bride are victims of loneliness and are kept apart from other as they are believed to not follow the norms of society. The farmer’s bride tried running away from the unknown imprisonment she was facing but they ‘caught her and turned the key upon her’. On the other hand Curley’s wife is also assumed to be contented with limited interaction with other as they believe ‘she don’t like to talk to anyone’. Despite theseShow MoreRelatedGeorge And Lennie Relationship Analysis871 Words   |  4 PagesIn the novella Of Mice And Men by John Steinbeck, the relationship between Lennie Small and George Milton is complex. Lennie and George are two companions who look for work and brave the hardships of the Dust Bowl and the Great Depression together. Although Lennie and George are both grown men, their relationship resembles more of a child and a single parent, or a boy and his dog. Lennie is portrayed as animalistic and childish through his behavior and Steinbeck’s comparisons. This reveals the crucialRead MoreOf Mice and Men by John Steinbeck973 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction: I. Background A. John Steinbeck was born on February 27th, 1902 in Salinas, California. 1. Salinas River was one of the few centers for shipping, farming, and agriculture a. John Steinbeck worked as an employed laborer, digging canals and working beside men similar to characters in his novels. 2. In a discussion John Steinbeck said, I worked in the same country that the story is laid in. The characters are composites to a certain extent. Lennie was a real person. Hes in an insaneRead MoreJohn Steinbeck s Of Mice And Men1080 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"I want you to stay with me Lennie. Jesus Christ, somebody’d shoot you for a coyote if you was by yourself.† The novel Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck shows the relationship between two migrant workers in the 1930s, George and Lennie, along with the other members on the new ranch that they began working on. Georgie and Lennie dreamed of following the American Dream and owning their own patch of land and the novel revolves around the dream and the obstacles that stand in their way. Lennie, a strongRead MoreOf Mice And Men By Robert Burns1623 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Of Mice and Men is a simple story in regards to the fact that it only covers a duration of three days, is set in only four locations and generally uses short sentences written using a simple writing style. Its title is taken from ‘To a Mouse’, which was written by Scottish poet Robert Burns. In this poem, Burns accidentally ploughs through a mouse’s nest, ultimately destroying its home. This title gives the reader an idea of the fate that awaits its characters as its use signifies theRead MoreExplore the Way the Writer Presents the Relationship Between George and Lennie in of Mice and Men3909 Words   |  16 Pagesrelationship between George and Lennie in â€Å"Of Mice and Men† Of Mice and Men was written in the 1937 by John Steinbeck, he other well know books as the Grapes of Wrath and East of Eden, h also received a Nobel Prize for Literature in 1962. This book is set in the 1930s and set in California, his home region. During this time, the USA was suffering from a great depression, this meant that it was hard to find job because the economy was very weak, so to find job the men were disposed to go anywhere and the

Social Problems of the Troubles in Ireland - 1994 Words

Social Problems of the Troubles in Ireland For about 150 years Ireland and neighboring countries have struggled with social controversy and segregation that has consumed society and its views, which have been labeled as the â€Å"Troubles†. Ireland has struggled to become peaceful and accept the ties it has to the United Kingdom. In every country there is hate, wars, and events that cause the population to raise up arms and try to get their points across, but in Ireland it has lasted a very long time due to Nationalists versus the government, Catholics versus Protestants, Loyalists versus Unionists, and many other radicals that believed in something greater than what Ireland was during certain time periods. Britain played a big role in Irish†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å" (Personal communication, April 20, 2014) The IRA is the Irish Republican Army made up of Irish volunteers since 1919. Many of the volunteers have been involved in street riots, hate crimes, and violence. They are known for burning homes and shooting civilians. (Coogan, 1993, 4) Throughout 1920’s to the 1990’s Ireland had some serious problems. New groups kept springing up, creating violence, riots, and rebellions. Around 1918 the War of Independence had begun and lasted until July 1921. (Douglas, 1999, 104) On Sunday, November 22 the event that is very well known as Bloody Sunday occurred. Assassinations and brutal killings took place; the IRA killed fourteen British officers in Dublin and killed 12 people during a football match. (Douglas, 1999, 105) Ireland’s militia grew tired of the IRA unlawful acts. In the early 1930’s the economic war began due to land payments owed to Britain. (Douglas, 1999, 118) During this time riots broke out killing 12 people, injuring 600, and driving 2000 people fr om their homes because of disputes between the North and the South.(Douglas, 1999, 129) Nationalism has been one of the leading ideals throughout Ireland’s history. In the words of Richard English, â€Å"It [nationalism] has caused and fuelled wars; stabilized and destabilized states; defined political and cultural life across the globe†. (2006, 3) Irish nationalism was based upon ancient and primitive foundations. (2006, 20)Show MoreRelatedThe troubles in Northern Ireland949 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿The troubles in Northern Ireland Many people only have a limited idea about what these infamous â€Å"troubles† in the North of Ireland really were. Hopefully this article will shed some light on the matter. In the past the vast majority of violent acts and attitudes of discrimination towards minority groups have been based on blacks or the Jews, often leaving religious wars to the olden day Europe. 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Essay Bishop Free Essays

string(105) " in which the mist enters the house to make â€Å"the mildew’s / ignorant map† on the wall\." The below essay is a final draft, and not a final copy; therefore, it does not have page numbers and cannot be quoted in future publications. The published version of the essay is in the following book available in print and online versions in the Seneca library: Elizabeth Bishop in the 21st Century: Reading the New Editions. Eds. We will write a custom essay sample on Essay Bishop or any similar topic only for you Order Now Cleghorn, Hicok, Travisano. Charlottesville and London: University of Virginia Press, June 2012. Part II (of the 4 part book with 17 essays by different people) Crossing Continents: Self, Politics, Place Bishop’s â€Å"wiring fused†: Bone Key and â€Å"Pleasure Seas† Angus Cleghorn Elizabeth Bishop’s Edgar Allan Poe The Juke-Box and the Library of America edition of Bishop’s poetry and prose provide readers with additional context enabling a richer understanding of her poetic project. Alice Quinn’s compelling tour of previously unpublished archival material and her strong interpretive directions in the heavily-annotated notes let us color in, highlight and extend lines drawn in The Complete Poems. Some of those poetic lines include wires and cables, which are visible in Bishop’s paintings, as published in William Benton’s Exchanging Hats. If we consider the extensive presence of wires in the artwork alongside the copious, recently published poetic images of wires, we can observe vibrant innovation, especially in the material Bishop had planned for a Florida volume entitled Bone Key. The wires conduct electricity, as does The Juke-Box, both heating up her place. Florida warms Bishop after Europe: in this geographical shift, we can see Bishop relinquish stiff European statuary forms and begin to radiate in hotbeds of electric light. Also existing in this erotic awakening is a new approach to nature in the modern world. Instead of wires representing something anti-natural (modernity is often this sort of presence in her Nova Scotian poems, for example, when â€Å"The Moose† stares down the bus), the wires conduct energy into a future charged with potential where â€Å"It is marvellous to wake up together† after an â€Å"Electrical Storm. † This current brings Bishop into alien territory where lesbian eroticism is illuminated by green light, vines, wires and music. Pleasure Seas,† an uncollected poem that stood alone in The Complete Poems, is amplified by the previously unpublished Florida draft-poems, many of which include the words Bone Key in the margins or under poem titles; this planned volume is visible in the recent editions and is prominent in Bishop’s developing sexual-geographic poetics. In The Complete Poems, â€Å"Pleasure Seas† is first of the â€Å"Uncollecte d Poems† section. As written in the â€Å"Publisher’s Note,† Harper’s Bazaar accepted the poem but did not print it as promised in 1939. This editorial decision cut â€Å"Pleasure Seas† out of Bishop’s public oeuvre until 1983 when Robert Giroux resuscitated it in the uncollected section. Thus it is read as a marginal poem, which has received relatively little critical attention. Far less than â€Å"It is marvellous to wake up together,† a previously unpublished poem found by Lorrie Goldensohn in Brazil that has been considered integral to understanding Bishop’s hidden potential as an erotic poet since Goldensohn discussed it in her 1992 book, Elizabeth Bishop: The Biography of a Poetry. Perhaps because â€Å"Pleasure Seas† has been widely available since 1983 in The Complete Poems, this poem does not appear to critics as a found gem like â€Å"It is marvellous . . . .† Now, however, we can read these previously disparate poems together in the Library of America Bishop: Poems, Prose and Letters volume, in which â€Å"Pleasure Seas† was placed accurately by editors Lloyd Schwartz and Robert Giroux in the â€Å"Unpublished Poems† section. As such, it accompanies numerous unpublished poems, many of them first published by Quinn in Edgar Allan Poe The Juke-Box. Pleasure Seas† is a tour de force, and its rejection in 1939 likely indicated to Bishop that the public world was not ready for such a poem. I speculate that had that poem been published as promised, Bishop would have had more confidence in developing the publication of Bone Key, a volume which would have followed, or replaced A Cold Spring and preceded Questions of Travel; she m ight have re-formed A Cold Spring into a warmer, more ample volume as Bone Key. A Cold Spring ends with the lesbian mystique of â€Å"The Shampoo,† the bubbles and â€Å"concentric shocks† of which make a lot more sense when accompanied, not by the preceding poem, â€Å"Invitation to Miss Marianne Moore,† but by erotic poems such as â€Å"Pleasure Seas,† â€Å"Full Moon, Key West,† â€Å"The walls went on for years years†¦,† â€Å"It is marvellous to wake up together,† and â€Å"Edgar Allan Poe the Juke-Box. † Bishop’s writing in Florida involves tremendous struggle to express sexual desire and experience. Automatic bodily impulses contend with traditional strictures. Since in Florida â€Å"pleasures are mechanical† (EAP 49) and for Bishop counter the norms of heterosexual culture, her tentative imagination treads â€Å"the narrow sidewalks / of cement / that carry sounds / like tampered wires †¦ † in â€Å"Full Moon, Key West† (EAP 60). She fears the touch of her feet may detonate bombs. Bishop’s recently published material offers explosive amplitudes measured against the constraints of traditional poetic architecture. Full Moon, Key West† and â€Å"The walls went on for years years†¦,† in EAP are dated circa 1943. In both poems, Bishop envisions nature merging with technology to provide an extension of space in her environment: The morning light on the patches of raw plaster was beautiful. It was crumbled fine like insects’ eggs or walls of coral, something natural. Up the bricks outside climbed little grill-work balconies a ll green, the wires were like vines. And the beds, too, one could study them, white, but with crudely copied lant formations, with pleasure. (EAP 61) Teresa De Lauretis writes in Technologies of Gender about how innovative language and technology (in film) represent gender and sexuality in new formal expressions of life previously considered impossible. The new poetic material from Bishop similarly re-formulates human living spaces. In the above poem, the man-made room’s construction breaks down into natural similes. A dialectic between nature and architecture has nature grow into walls, balconies and rooms. This poetic process is found in later poems such as â€Å"Song for the Rainy Season,† in which the mist enters the house to make â€Å"the mildew’s / ignorant map† on the wall. You read "Essay Bishop" in category "Essay examples" Typical human divisions between construction and organicism are made fluid. In â€Å"The walls†¦,† divisions between inner and outer worlds crumble; for instance, white beds are studied, but are they beds to lie in, or plant beds on the balconies? Bishop writes that they are â€Å"with crudely copied / plant formations,† suggesting both flowers and perhaps a patterned bedspread (rather like the wallpaper-skin of â€Å"The Fish†). The phrase, â€Å"walls of coral,† itself merges architecture with nature, also echoing Stevens’ 1935 image of â€Å"sunken coral water-walled† in â€Å"The Idea of Order at Key West,† which Bishop had been reading and discussing in letters with Marianne Moore. Stevens and Bishop draw attention to artifices of nature, and nature overpowering artifice. The natural versus manufactured-world dichotomy is deconstructed through innovative cross-over imagery, continuing in these lines: Up the bricks outside climbed little grill-work balconies all green, the wires were like vines. (EAP 61) Vines simply grow up buildings, so we have a precedent for nature’s encroachment on man-made constructions. Here, Bishop replicates natural vines with â€Å"little grill-work balconies / all green,† a man-made architecture that looks as if it grows on its own. Then the poet surprises us again with another simile, â€Å"the wires were like vines. † The imagery of the wires blackly echoes that of the balconies; again this accretion lends the physical man-made constructions a fluid, surreal life of their own, which is empowered naturally by the simile that has them acting like vines. Vine-wires extend nature through technology into potential domains far from this balconied room. However, despite the revolutionary â€Å"Building, Dwelling, Thinking,† to use the title of the well-known Heidegger essay, this is a poem of walls, which offers temporary extensions of nature, only to be shut down when One day a sad view came to the window to look in, little fields fences trees, tilted, tan gray. Then it went away. Bigger than anything else the large bright clouds moved by rapidly every evening, rapt, on their way to some festivity. How dark it grew, no, but life was not deprived of all that sense f motion in which so much of it consists. (EAP 62) With a last line again sounding like Stevens, and yet the rest of the poem very much Bishop, â€Å"The walls†¦Ã¢â‚¬  concludes with walls between the poet’s human nature and nature’s indifferent â€Å"festivity. † The muted colors of traditional human habitation infiltrate her window, so Bi shop will have to wait, as her wishful thinking indicates earlier in the poem, for a â€Å"future holding up those words / as something actually important / for everyone to see, like billboards† (61). My essay hoists up these formerly scrapped images of alien technology, held back in Bishop’s time, â€Å"like billboards. Those diminutive â€Å"little fields fences trees, tilted, tan gray† are found in an earlier poem, â€Å"A Warning for Salesmen,† written between 1935 and 1937. Earlier poems, especially from Bishop’s years in Europe, lack wires as conduits of energy and transformation. â€Å"A Warning to Salesmen† offers a static portrait of marital doldrums; it speaks of a lost friend, dry landscape, and farmer at home †¦putting vegetables away in sand In his cellar, or talking to the back Of his wife as she leaned over the stove. The farmer’s land Lay like a ship that has rounded the world And rests in a sluggish river, the cables slack. (EAP 16) Alice Quinn found this poem in Bishop’s notebook, written when she took a â€Å"trip to France with Hallie Tompkins in July 1935†³ (251). Even if it is a poem of loss, it also anticipates gain. The slack cables await tightening. The lack of desire in the poem begs for it; Quinn notes this through Bishop’s scrawling revisions: Lines scribbled at the top of the page to the right of the title: â€Å"Let us in confused, but common, voice / Congratulate th’occasion, and rejoice, rejoice, rejoice / The thing love shies at / And the time when love shows confidence. To the right at the bottom of the draft, Bishop writes, â€Å"OK,† but the whole poem is crossed out. And below, on the left: â€Å"My Love / Wonderful is this machine / One gesture started it. † (251) This machine anticipates the mechanical sexual pleasures found in the Florida bars written into â€Å"Edgar Allan Poe ; the Juke-B ox. † â€Å"A Warning to Salesman† shows she had long been waiting for Florida. Before she slots nickels into the Floridian Juke-Box, Bishop’s trip to France includes time spent residing by â€Å"Luxembourg Gardens† in fall 1935. This poem of garden civilization indicates Bishop’s relationship with European traditional architecture; the poem begins: Doves on architecture, architecture Color of doves, and doves in air— The towers are so much the color of air, They could be anywhere. (EAP 27) While the deadpan-glorious tone might resemble Stevens, we might also think of Bishop’s â€Å"The Monument,† which was written earlier and first published in 1940; it also ambiguously provokes present explorations of art, thought and place, rather than fixing memories of the past. Barbara Page’s essay, â€Å"Off-Beat Claves, Oblique Realities: The Key West Notebooks of Elizabeth Bishop,† clearly demonstrates that Bishop’s â€Å"The Monument† is a response to Stevens’ statues in Owl’s Clover, one of which was located in Luxembourg Gardens, as Michael North demonstrated in The Final Sculpture: Public Monuments and Modern Poetry. Similar to Stevens’ rhetorical parody of monuments, in Bishop’s â€Å"Luxembourg Gardens,† â€Å"histories, cities, politics, and people / Are made presentable / For the children playing below the Pantheon† (27) and on goes a list of history’s prim pomp. Then a puff of wind sprays the fountain’s water, mocking â€Å"the Pantheon,† the jet of water first drooping, then scattering itself like William Carlos Williams’ phallic fountain in â€Å"Spouts. † Finally, the poem ends with a balloon flitting away, as children watching it exclaim, â€Å"It will get to the moon. † By employing the fluid play of kids, wind, water and dispersal, Bishop builds a conglomerate antithesis to traditional Parisian monumentality. With even more Stevensian flux than â€Å"The Monument,† this poem situates Bishop’s critique of monuments in Europe, unlike the well-known â€Å"Monument† poem, which could be anywhere, and thus speaks of a more liberating and expansive American perspective, drifting from European classical culture possibly all the way to Asia Minor or Mongolia. Also from her 1935 notebook is â€Å"Three Poems,† which works well to explain Bishop’s transition from studying the architecture of Europe to recognizing its sterile limitations and then finding her own perspective. Section III develops an emotional movement away from stultifying monumentality: The mind goes on to say: â€Å"Fortunate affection Still young enough to raise a monument To the first look lost beyond the eyelashes. † But the heart sees fields cluttered with statues And does not want to look. (EAP 19) In the final stanza a future is foretold by the promise of a fortunate traveler: Younger than the mind and less intelligent, He refuses all food, all communications; Only at night, in dreams seeking his fortune, Sees travel, and turns up strange face-cards. EAP 19) Starving (a word Susan Howe uses to describe American women poets before Dickinson), this speaker is impoverished by statues and has, as the lone alternative, future fortune in surreal night visions of travel. Bishop’s travels will fill her gypsy-heart’s desire as it expands its vocabulary in the roaming poetic technologies found in Florida and Brazil, but Paris itself does not illuminate love. In the Pari s of â€Å"Three Poems,† â€Å"The heart sits in his echoing house / And would not speak at all† (19). This inarticulate â€Å"prison-house† enables us to see why Bishop needed to travel in search of home as an idea, but not a physical settlement, as her use of Pascal illustrates in â€Å"Questions of Travel. † Her jaunt to Brazil inadvertently became an eighteen-year residence with Lota de Macedo Soares, but their home was not fully expressed in the volume, Questions of Travel. Florida was the source of sexual-poetic experimentation; Bishop’s work from there proliferates with freedom not yet found in Europe, and not written into the published poems from Brazil. The reticent Bishop did not want to be known as a lesbian poet; it would limit her reputation and her private life in the public sphere, and she likely feared that sexual expression would not be accepted in print. A poem from Questions of Travel, â€Å"Electrical Storm† (1960), strikingly indicates excitement with Lota in Brazil. Just as striking, though, is the repressive prison-house in this poetry. It reveals as much repression as it does desire: Dawn an unsympathetic yellow. Cra-ack! – dry and light. The house was really struck. Crack! A tinny sound, like a dropped tumbler. . . . hen hail, the biggest size of artificial pearls. Dead-white, wax-white, cold – diplomats’ wives favors from an old moon party – they lay in melting windrows on the red ground until well after sunrise. We got up to find the wiring fused, no lights, a smell of saltpetre, and the telephone dead. The cat stayed in the warm sheets. The Lent trees had shed all their petals: w et, stuck, purple, among the dead-eye pearls. (PPL 81) While the electrical storm is substantial, the poem narrates it after the fact, and the storm cuts off communication with a dead telephone and â€Å"wiring fused. So the electricity certainly was there, but the lightning is pejoratively â€Å"like a dropped tumbler. † And the only animal in bed is Tobias the cat, â€Å"Personal and spiteful as a neighbor’s child. † Personal electricity is not expressed, certainly not through Lent; it is spited in the society of neighbors and â€Å"diplomats’ wives,† whose nature is described as â€Å"dead-white,† their hail like â€Å"artificial pearls. † Unlike the earlier poem of desire, â€Å"The walls went on for years . . . ,† in which balconies are transformed by vines into wired energy, â€Å"Electrical Storm† displays the reverse action. Nature is hardened into artifice. Social civilization, like Bishop’s monuments, is a restrictive agent, part of the past in conflict with the newfound energy of Bishop’s tropical present. In Brazil, the poet constantly observes the natural world as vulnerable to civilization. Sometimes Bishop presents an alternative harmony, as in â€Å"Song for the Rainy Season,† which moistly answers to the repressive short-circuiting of â€Å"The Electrical Storm† by opening the door of an â€Å"open house† to the mist infiltrating the house and causing â€Å"mildew’s / ignorant map† on a wall. This poem’s erotica is played out as the house receives nature’s water. The house, with its opening to the outer environment, suggests Lota de Macedo Soares’ property, Samambaia (a giant Brazilian fern), in the mountains above Petr? polis where Soares built Bishop a studio (PPL 911). The progressive architecture of their house lends itself to the way in which Bishop’s poem has the outer environment flow indoors. More often, however, Questions of Travel traces aggressive conquests, as Bishop works through history’s impact on the country. Natural power has been contained – harnessed, mined and packaged throughout history. Take â€Å"Brazil, January 1, 1502,† for example, and note how Bishop’s natural images dialectically break down, then reach forward technologically. The branches of palm are broken pale-green wheels; symbolic birds keep quiet; the lizards are dragon-like and sinful; the lichens are moonbursts; moss is hell-green; the vines are described as attacking, as â€Å"scaling-ladder vines,† and as â€Å"‘one leaf yes and one leaf no’ (in Portuguese)†; and while the â€Å"lizards scarcely breathe,† the â€Å"smaller, female† lizard’s tail is â€Å"red as a red-hot wire. † That beacon beckons from the poem’s forms of colonial imprisonment. Breathlessness will find breath in EAP. * * William Benton’s words from Exchanging Hats: Elizabeth Bishop Paintings accurately convey the benefit of studying two of Bishop’s art forms to gain greater compositional insight into her â€Å"One Art. † In his introduct ion, he writes that, â€Å"If Elizabeth Bishop wrote like a painter, she painted like a writer† (xviii). Wires, cables and electrical technology are strewn abundantly through the paintings. Observed in sequence, Bishop’s black lines powerfully extend this emergent narrative of Bishop as an electric writer. The paintings Olivia, Harris School, County Courthouse, Tombstones for Sale, Graveyard with Fenced Graves, Interior with Extension Cord, Cabin with Porthole, and E. Bishop’s Patented Slot-Machine are marked with black lines that technically disturb nature. The bold presence of Bishop’s lines factor in virtually every painting to infringe upon nature (with the exception of the explicitly pretty watercolor odes to nature, such as the arrangement on the cover of One Art). When we align the Florida paintings with Bone Key and other published poems from Florida, we can chart the artist’s development in accord with the technological presence of wires. As with the early poems in EAP, her oft-undated Florida paintings, circa 1937-39 when Bishop had returned from Europe, depict square architecture set off by wires askew. In Olivia, a painting of a weathered wood house on Olivia Street in Key West, the modest brown house is fronted by two contrasting white porch-pillars, and to the left â€Å"like a cosmic aspect, the telephone lines form a tilted steeple† (Benton 18) connected to the proximate telephone pole. The painting comes across as a satiric â€Å"Monument. † Likewise, the next painting, Harris School (21), is topped with battlements contrasted by wispy kites flying freely in the orange sunlight. Bishop’s painterly contrasts invoke satire, rather like the parody of old Parisian architecture in â€Å"Luxembourg Gardens. † County Courthouse (23) is extremely dramatic – a transitional painting in the evolution of Bishop’s transgressive art. Benton describes it well: â€Å"A view composed of what obstructs it. The central triangle [courthouse structure] that leads the eye into the painting is at once overwhelmed by foliage. Downed power lines contribute to the sense of disorder. The scene is the exact opposite of what a Sunday watercolorist might select. It is, in fact, a picture whose wit transforms it from a â€Å"scene† into an image of impasse†(22). The palms in the foreground overpower the courthouse of similar size in the center. Nature’s supremacy over the architecture of man-made legal institution is accentuated by downed power lines, symbolizing, as often for Bishop, that our efforts to transmit information over and above nature depend on the co-operation of nature, the winds of which can knock down our voices. Tombstones for Sale, which is the cover of The Collected Prose, and Graveyard with Fenced Graves (31, 33) are filled with iron bars in harsh but beautiful contrast with flowering trees. Recall the iron-work balconies ‘growing'† up buildings in â€Å"The walls went on for years and years †¦. † These wonky walls are evident in Interior with Extension Cord, a painting of undetermined year with â€Å"the dramatic focus on the extension cord crossing the planes of the white room† (42). In here, the barren walls out-space the open door with view of the garden. The painting yearns for n ature to be let in the door. Cabin with Porthole, the next painting (45), provides compositional relief. Bare but cheerful yellow walls surround the open porthole with blue ocean view; the painter’s travel bags are casually set in order beside a neat flowerpot on the table. Travel looks homey here, made additionally comfortable by the fan plugged into the wall with electrical cord in the top-right corner. The next undated painting, Gray Church (47), is set by Benton in contrast to the lightness of Cabin with Porthole. The editor’s placement of Gray Church, the painting’s mood nearly as dark as van Gogh’s The Prison Courtyard, suggests that Benton, like Quinn in EAP, ordered a dramatic narrative sequence so observers could follow an interpretive trail of artistic development. Although E. Bishop’s Patented Slot-Machine (77)appears later in the book’s sequence, perhaps because it is more of a sketch than a painting, it would have likely been created near the time she wrote â€Å"The Soldier and the Slot-Machine† in Florida, as Quinn documents it with a rejection letter from The New Yorker, October 28, 1942 (EAP 279). These amateur works of art evince the crucial importance of publishing flawed poems, scrawl, sketches and paintings that are incredibly useful tools to instruct us about their masters; in this case we see projection of the artist’s techno-dreams. Of E. Bishop’s Patented Slot-Machine, Benton writes, â€Å"The rainbow arc at the top of the picture – resembling the handle of a suitcase – bears the legend â€Å"The ‘DREAM'† (76). This dream, rainbow-shaped, carries technology in the form of the slot-machine. Whether or not observers want to view the rainbow dream as lesbian codification, as some students of â€Å"The Fish† do with that poem’s victorious rainbow of otherness, the undeniable fact is that Bishop has painted â€Å"The ‘DREAM'† onto the handle of her slot-machine. This slot-machine is dependent upon currency for the dream of a fortunate future. Although an amateur painting, it is far more developed in terms of the progress of artistic, hopeful vision than earlier works, such as 1935’s â€Å"Three Poems,† in which Bishop is desperately scanning seas from France, and the fortune teller turns up strange face cards as the only potential currency, so the poet dreams of travel. The 1942 sketch and poem, â€Å"The Soldier and the Slot-Machine† (EAP 56-57), not to be confused with the painting just discussed, appears like an adult-version Dr. Seuss parody of E. Bishop’s Patented Slot-Machine complete with fearful alien beast atop machine in the sketch. In the poem, Bishop uses the soldier persona to depersonalize her dream, destroyed by a third-person other. Still, the persona employs first person: â€Å"I will not play the slot-machine† bookends the poem as a mantra of abstinence from the drunken slot-machine. Nevertheless, it consumes coins until they melt surreally into â€Å"a pool beneath the floor . . . / It should be flung into the sea. / / Its pleasures I cannot afford† (EAP 58). This denial and apparent dismissal through the otherness of the soldier stays with Bishop, who cannot trash her desires in the sea; they pulled on her for years even if their expression remained unpublished. After The New Yorker’s Charles Pearce rejected â€Å"The Soldier and the Slot-Machine,† Bishop recalled this event twenty-two years later in a letter to Robert Lowell: â€Å"Once I wrote an ironic poem about a drunken sailor and a slot-machine – not a success – and the sailor said he was going to throw the machine into the sea, etc. , and M[oore] congratulated me on being so morally courageous and outspoken† (EAP 279). Moore in 1964 was at that time congratulating Bishop on a moral lesson to be learned about Brazilian crime and punishment in â€Å"The Burglar of Babylon. However, the point that Bishop makes with quiet sarcasm in her letter to Lowell is that Moore missed the irony so crucial to understanding â€Å"The Soldier and the Slot-Machine. † Moore reads moral courage in Bishop’s condemnations; actually, Bishop’s morally courageous core, the one of social conformity that Moore applauds, melts in the machine. The soldierâ €™s denial to play it is weaker than the power of the machine itself, which melts and breaks into subterranean pieces – unacceptable mercurial junk that will be â€Å"taken away,† a disposal of natural, illicit desire. Travel in Florida and Brazil offers many cabins with portholes for Bishop to view the sea far away from stultifying northwestern culture. Sometimes Bishop allows the establishment to triumph, as in the balanced yellow painting of The Armory, Key West. Even here, though, wires dangle from the flagpole to create slight asymmetry. Merida from the Roof (27), the well-known cover of The Complete Poems, while a bit chaotic with copious windmills outnumbering church steeples, nevertheless illustrates an intoxicating tropical harmony. The dominant palm, telephone wires, city streets and buildings hang together nicely from the painter’s balcony view. This Mexican painting from 1942 anticipates work Bishop would do in Brazil over the next two decades, such as â€Å"The Burglar of Babylon,† which ends with the poet looking down on Rio’s crime-ridden poverty with binoculars. * * * When we contrast The Complete Poems with Edgar Allan Poe ; The Juke-Box, we can see just how much further Bishop’s unpublished poems went in configuring her relation with the world through nature and technology’s extensions of it; natural growth is given additional electrical currency to express sexual awakening, and I argue, a potentially full realization of her poetic power. Lorrie Goldensohn in The Biography of a Poetry discusses her discovery of â€Å"It is marvellous to wake up together† in a box from Linda Nemer in Brazil. This discovery and â€Å"Edgar Allan Poe the Juke-Box† best exemplify Bishop’s rewired sexuality. Quinn cannot be certain which of these poems was written first. In terms of the arc of the poetics I’m tracing here, it makes sense for â€Å"Poe’s Box† to come first because it works to loosen up the sexual expression of â€Å"It is marvellous †¦. However, Quinn notes work on â€Å"Edgar Allan Poe ; The Juke-Box† as late as 1953, and narrates its intended place as the closing poem of A Cold Spring, which Bishop considered calling Bone Key. It may have been written as early as 1938 when Bishop wrote to â€Å"classmate Frani Blough from Key West about her immersion in Poe† (EAP 271). Lloyd Schwartz and Robert Giroux date it in the late thirties to early forties period. As A Cold Spring stands, it concludes with the rapture of â€Å"The Shampoo† – a thinly veiled poem of lesbian eroticism in nature’s guise. And yet when I teach this poem to students, I often have to explain the â€Å"concentric shocks. â€Å"The Shampoo† is a wonderful climax, but it abruptly follows â€Å"Invitation to Miss Marianne Moore. † This sequence repeats the juxtaposition evident in Bishop’s letters between her lush tropical experience and her polite correspondence with Moore. Now we can envision an enlarged not so cold spring in the key of human bone warming up with â€Å"Edgar Allan Poe the Juke-Box. † This poem is filled by emanations of light and sound from the Juke-Box. Starlight and La Conga are the Floridian dance-halls described as â€Å"cavities in our waning moon, / strung with bottles and blue lights / and silvered coconuts and conches† (49). This erotic-tropical electric fulfillment sounds more like Walcott than Bishop. The poem has â€Å"nickels fall into the slots,† drinks drop down throats, hands grope under tablecloths while â€Å"The burning box can keep the measure †¦. † Perhaps to ruin the party, Edgar Allan enters the last stanza in which Bishop writes, â€Å"Poe said that poetry was exact. † This poem, though, is a corrective to Poe’s poetics, for Bishop knows for herself and Poe in the drinking establishment of poetry that â€Å"pleasures are mechanical / and know beforehand what they want / and know exactly what they want. Bishop focuses on â€Å"The Motive for Metaphor,† like Stevens, or like Baudelaire whom she was also reading at the time, knowing and tracing her desire for expression as expression. Conversely, Poe in the 19th-century tried to unite his metrical poetic exactitude with ideals of beauty while explaining his technique in â€Å"The Philosophy of Composi tion. † While the mechanics of meter involve precise measures, Bishop suggests that seeking pleasures is comprised of a more powerful mechanics. â€Å"Lately I’ve been doing nothing much but reread Poe, and evolve from Poe . . a new Theory-of-the-Story-All-My-Own. It’s the ‘proliferal’ style, I believe, and you will see some of the results †¦ [a reference to her prize-winning Partisan Review story ‘In Prison’]† (OA, 71; EAP 271). Bishop’s use of Poe illustrates her gripe with tradition as a source of monumental fixture, thus limited understanding, which has taught her well but prevents the poet from dancing at La Conga and telling that Floridian tale in A Cold Spring. Bishop wanted this poem near the end of A Cold Spring but didn’t quite get it done. The final lines of the poem deal a further blow to Poe, and by extension to Bishop herself, when she asks, â€Å"how long does your music burn? / like poetry or all your horror / half as exact as horror here? † (50). Poe’s horror stories (see Bishop’s notes on â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart† on the upper-right corner of the draft of this poem), and I would suggest her writing in The Complete Poems (as wonderful as it is), articulate a fictional horror that only comes half-way to expressing the full pleasure of horrific catharsis available in the experience and writing of Florida honky-tonks. Who would have thought Elizabeth Bishop a â€Å"Honky-Tonk Woman†? Bethany Hicok traces Bishop’s florid night-life in her 2008 book, Degrees of Freedom: American Women Poets and the Women’s College, 1905-1955, and thanks to Quinn we have the poetic evidence in print. â€Å"It is marvellous to wake up together† is a full and complete rendering of Bishop’s eroticism. We might give Bishop latitude for not publishing this one in the Second World War period; Quinn estimates the date between 1941-6 when Bishop lived with Marjorie Stevens in Key West (267). Perhaps in the twenty-first century readers are comfortably relieved to hear Bishop express her lesbian sexuality, but in her time she did not want to be publicly scrutinized as a lesbian poet. In some respects, â€Å"It is marvellous to wake up together† is like â€Å"Electrical Storm,† since the poem speaks of sex after it has happened. Here, though, the stormy clearing is less anxious and repressive. Instead of diplomats’ wives and spiteful neighbors’ children, Bishop feels â€Å"the air suddenly clear / As if electricity had passed through it / From a black mesh of wires in the sky. All over the roof the rain hisses, / And below, the light falling of kisses† (EAP 44). Technology is god-like, hovering over their chosen house, and yet it is not alien, for the lightning storm’s electrical current of rain follows in hisses rhymed with kisses. Bishop is fully in the arena now – with the powers above electrically charging the nature that conducts itself harmoniously in the bedroom. In the second stanza electricity frames the house so readers can imagine it being sketched artistically. Remnants of past prison-houses exist, and yet the past constraints of an inarticulate heart are transformed in this reality where â€Å"we imagine dreamily / Now the whole house caught in a bird-cage of lightning / Would be delightful rather than frightening;† the pleasure of this reality is also a dream, and it remains a dream in the last stanza. My point is not simply that dreams can come true, but that this true dream is limited to this house’s electrical currents. The speaker is â€Å"lying flat on [her] back,† which is an interesting line because it suggests sex, and yet it is from this position, this â€Å"same implified point of view† that the speaker emphasizes inquiry: â€Å"All things might change equally easily, / Since always to warn us there might be these black / Electrical wires dangling. Without surprise / The world might change to something quite different †¦. † What sort of change is envisioned? The poem vaguely considers open futures; â€Å"something quite different† could be horrific or promising. Whatever change may come, these wires hang over the house, through Bishop’s poem and art as charged presences connected to future advancement. â€Å"Dear Dr. -† was written in 1946, around the same time Bishop might have finished â€Å"It is marvellous to wake up together. † It continues to wire her present into the future: Yes, dreams come in colors and memories come in colors but those in dreams are more remarkable. Particular bright(at night) like that intelligent green light in the harbor which must belong to some society of its own, watches this one now unenviously. (EAP 77) These seven lines pull together a lot. Bishop’s dreams – in Paris were quite alienated from her art-culture milieu; in Florida dreams are amplified by Juke-Boxes, liquor and dancing. There she finds physical lushness to match the dream currents that will sizzle in Brazilian experience. And yet in â€Å"Dear Dr. —† near the end of her relationship with Marjorie Stevens, Bishop is writing from Nova Scotia to her very helpful psychiatrist, Ruth Foster (286), expressing this foreign glow as an alien perspective: â€Å"that intelligent green light in the harbor / which must belong to some society of its own,† suggesting some alien technological prophesy, which â€Å"watches this one now unenviously† (77). Goldensohn writes of electrical impasse in The Biography of a Poetry: â€Å"But still the wires connect to dreams, to nerve circuits that carry out our dreams of rescue and connection, or that fail to: in â€Å"The Farmer’s Children,† a story written in 1948 shortly before Bishop went to Brazil, the wires also appear, telephone wires humming with subanimal noise eerily irrelevant to the damned and helpless children of the story† (33). This story, written late in the Florida years, is further evidence of Bishop’s â€Å"proliferal† style, the multi-generic â€Å"One Art† developed in response to family, Northern traditions, Poe, and Europe. Bishop’s evolving art comprised of poetry, fiction, letters and painting demonstrates psycho-sexual evolution found in Southern tropical harbors, far from the Northern remoteness of her mother’s Nova Scotia. These poems from Edgar Allan Poe The Juke-Box register extensively the alien vision so far ahead of what was admitted in Bishop’s present. By contrasting the reserved perfections from The Complete Poems, such as â€Å"Electrical Storm,† and the limits of history as in â€Å"Brazil, January 1, 1502,† we can see what is held back there, waiting for the more fully expressed imperfect transgressions of Edgar Allan Poe ; The Juke-Box. The Complete Poems provide intricately innovative poems that point out limited perspectives while expanding ethical imaginations of the future, whereas Quinn’s book enables readers to thoroughly explore the dream workings of a poet bursting from the libidinal confines of her time, swinging by green vines through wires of sound and light to transmit electricity for an erotically ample future. Bishop’s anxiety and longing for a more tolerant future society, as expressed in â€Å"Dear Dr. —,† can also be traced back to her thwarted effort at publishing â€Å"Pleasure Seas. This powerful erotic poem sits chronologically in the middle of her poetic development away from Europe (signaled by â€Å"Luxembourg Gardens† and â€Å"Three Poems† circa 1935), and stimulated by Florida in the late 1930s. â€Å"Pleasure Seas† illustrates the new powerful range of Bishop to be discovered when reading EAP and the Library of American edition next to The Complete Poems. As an â€Å"Uncollected Poem† in The Complete Poems, â€Å"Pleasure Seas† would perhaps sit more easily in the Poe . . . Box. The aberration of â€Å"Pleasure Seas† in The Complete Poems may explain why only a handful of critics have discussed its significance. Bonnie Costello, Barbara Comins, Marilyn May Lombardi, and Jeredith Merrin have published helpful interpretations of â€Å"Pleasure Seas. † Each critic picks up on the poem as an indication of developments that Bishop makes, or does not quite make, in other published poems. Bonnie Costello, for example, writes in Questions of Mastery: â€Å"’Seascape’ and ‘Pleasure Seas’†¦anticipate the perspectival shifts in ‘Twelfth Morning; or What You Will,’ ‘Filling Station,’ and ‘Invitation to Miss Marianne Moore,’ in all of which the poet’s pessimism is countered. In these later poems she achieves a vision at once immediate, even intimate, and yet directed at the world and questioning a single perspective of selfhood† (15-16). Costello also makes an important observation in a footnote: â€Å"‘Song’ may be a rewriting of ‘Pleasure Seas'† (249, n. 16). However, according to Schwartz and Giroux, â€Å"Song† was written in 1937, two years before â€Å"Pleasure Seas,† which then reads as an amplified fulfillment of the sad song from two years earlier. The latter ocean poem swells with pleasure in face of forces that threaten that very pleasure. Now that we can read â€Å"Pleasure Seas† in the larger context of Bishop’s struggle to write sexual poetics, the poem makes more sense and gathers like-minded poems into its vortex of desire. â€Å"Pleasure Seas† is a study of water — contained, distorted and freed. It begins with still water â€Å"in a walled off swimming-pool† (195) – another wall like the ones that go on â€Å"for years and years† in the poem from 1943. This man-made pool contains â€Å"pink Seurat bathers,† like the publicly acceptable automatons in his famous paintings, Bathers and La Grande Jatte. This viewer, though, is a surrealist who observes this scene through â€Å"a pane of bluish glass. † Seurat’s bathers have â€Å"beds of bathing caps,† again resembling and anticipating the beds inside and outside the balconied rooms of â€Å"The walls go on for years and years †¦. † Are these bathers’ heads in or out of it? Contained within a pool, they are willing prisoners of public space in chemically-treated water. At the close of the poem, they are â€Å"Happy . . . likely or not–† in their floral â€Å"white, lavender, and blue† caps, which are susceptible to greater weather forcing the water â€Å"opaque, / Pistachio green and Mermaid Milk. The floral garden colors of their caps contrast with disarming shades. That awfully bright green is â€Å"like that intelligent green light in the harbor† of â€Å"Dear Dr. ,† belonging to the alien society unenvious of the contemporaneous one. Jeredith Merrin, in â€Å"Gaiety, Gayness and Change,† asks how â€Å"Pleasure Seas† moves â€Å"from entrapment to freedom, from (to borrow from Bishop’s own phrasing from other poems) Despair to Espoir, from the ‘awful’ to the ‘cheerful'†? (Merrin in Lombardi 154). The next sentence of â€Å"Pleasure Seas† envisions free ocean water â€Å"out among the keys† of Florida mingling, interestingly, with multi-chromatic â€Å"soap bubbles, poisonous and fabulous,† suggesting both â€Å"The Shampoo† to come, and the poisonous rainbow of oil in â€Å"The Fish† – another natural being that should exist freely in nature, which is caught in a rented boat. Even â€Å"the keys float lightly like rolls of green dust† connotes geological formations that are susceptible to erosion. Everything green and natural is made alien. The threat is intensified by an airplane; a form of human technological height that flattens the water to a â€Å"heavy sheet. The sky view is dangerous in Bishop’s poems; consider â€Å"12 O’Clock News† in which the view from the media plane ethnocentrically objectifies the dying indigenes below. In â€Å"Pleasure Seas† the poet says the plane’s â€Å"wi de shadow pulses† above the surface, and down to the yellow and purple submerged marine life. The water’s surface even becomes â€Å"a burning-glass† for the sun – the supreme force of nature is harnessed as destructive technology, as with the high airplane, which, as Barbara Comins notes in â€Å"That Queer Sea,† is â€Å"casting a ‘wide shadow’ upon the water . . . uggesting some inherent anguish in going one’s ‘own way'† (191). Comins and Merrin see Bishop here pushing the poetic limits of her sexual expression. Even though the sun turns the water into â€Å"a burning glass,† the sun naturally cools â€Å"as the afternoon wears on. † Nature and technology dance in a somewhat vexed but â€Å"dazzling dialectic† here. Brightest of all in this poem is the â€Å"violently red bell-buoy / Whose neon-color vibrates over it, whose bells vibrate // To shock after shock of electricity. † Neon is the most alien of lights. As with the Juke-Box charging its place, this buoy electrifies its environment. Its otherly transgression â€Å"rhythmically† shocks pulses through the sea. â€Å"The sea is delight. The sea means room. / It is a dance floor, a well ventilated ballroom. † These lines from â€Å"Pleasure Seas† contain the charge picked up in â€Å"the dance-halls† of â€Å"Edgar Allan Poe the Juke-Box. † That poem has seedy, drunken desire releasing the inner alien; in â€Å"Pleasure Seas† it is potentially trans-gendered here in the homonym of the â€Å"red bell-buoy,† the color of passion also found in â€Å"the red-hot wire† of the lizard tail in â€Å"Brazil, January 1, 1502. † That lizard is notably female. Both poems vibrate outward into larger spaces. From paradisal waters, the poem retreats to the â€Å"tinsel surface† of swimming pool or ship deck where â€Å"Grief floats off / Spreading out thin like oil. † Natural poison spills, damages, and disperses. â€Å"And love / Sets out determinedly in a straight line†¦But shatters† and refracts â€Å"in shoals of distraction† (196). These shoals receding around the keys anticipate the homosexual vertigo of Crusoe’s surreal islands in the late great semi-autobiographical poems of Geography III, the 1976 volume beginning with young Elizabeth Bishop’s formative experience of inversion â€Å"In the Waiting Room† – â€Å"falling off / the round, turning world† (160). Pleasure Seas† ends with water crashing into the coral reef shelf – at the surface of nature, half in, half out – â€Å"An acre of cold white spray is there / Dancing happily by itself. † Out there in the sea, as land gives way to co ral reef, the poet creates a â€Å"well ventilated ballroom† to be free and ecstatic. Unlike the public spaces of the Florida honky-tonks, these pleasure seas are solitary. They are, however, natural – and thus contrast the ironic happiness of â€Å"the people in the swimming-pool and on the yacht, / Happy the man in that airplane, likely as not–† (196). This pleasure of 1939 holds the promise of liberation, momentarily. While explorations in the late thirties lead to joyful poems such as â€Å"It is marvellous to wake up together,† and the thirsty â€Å"Edgar Allan Poe the Juke-Box,† another Florida poem bids farewell, circa 1946. â€Å"In the golden early morning †¦Ã¢â‚¬  contains many of the Floridian tropes merging nature with technology. About a trip to the airport, it indicates a break up with Marjorie Stevens (â€Å"M† in the poem). As the speaker is being driven to the airport in the early morning, she reads the newspaper stories of human horror: I kept wondering why we expose ourselves to these farewells ; dangers— Finally you got there ; we started. It was very cold ; so much dew! Every leaf was wet ; glistened. The Navy buildings ; wires ; towers, etc. looked almost like glass ; so frail ; harmless. The water on either side was perfectly flat like mirrors—or rather breathed-on mirrors. (EAP 80) The water as foggy mirror is an example of how technology (a mirror in this case) extends nature to reflect for Bishop an extension of herself that can’t quite exist freely on its own, or in the social world. More dramatically, an airplane descends this early morning: â€Å"Then we heard the plane or felt it . . .† She feels the sublime vehicle â€Å"as if it were made out of / the dew coming together, very shiny. † The plane is similar to the aircraft’s technological transgression in â€Å"Pleasure Seas,† but â€Å"In the golden early morning . . . ,† it is also like a product of nature made from the dew. This simile resembles the fusion of technology a nd nature in â€Å"Pleasure Seas† where the red bell-buoy charges the sea, or in â€Å"The walls . . . † where the â€Å"wires were like vines. † These images express Bishop’s longing to extend but not quite transcend the provocative desires of the physical world. Her projections are made possible by poetic language’s explicit tropic function: it is a technological extension of reality. Bishop’s technologies blatantly transgress nature by pointing to her exclusion from it when it participates in traditional symbolic order. She comments, as the flight crew in the poem gets out of the plane, â€Å"I said to you that it was like the procession / at the beginning of a bullfight . . . † (EAP 81). Somebody’s going to die. From the outside looking in, Bishop is neither inside the plane, or remaining part of the natural morning. Always liminal, always on the move, she and her poetry are the How to cite Essay Bishop, Essay examples